Philippines

As a result of climate change, the Philippines has experienced an increase in temperature and sea level rise in coastal cities leading to an increase in internal migration. Experts have found that increased temperature has resulted in a high out migration from rural areas owing to low agricultural productivity. Simultaneously, the increase in sea level has led to more instances of typhoons and hence displacement.^[10] For example, the sea level in the capital city of Manila is found to be rising “more than four times faster than the global average”.^[11] Furthermore, it is estimated that by the end of the century, 60 million people who reside in the coastal areas will be forced to move as a result of rising sea levels in the country.^[12]

Social safety nets in the Philippines have focused on three major themes which include food subsidies, public employment programs and credit-based livelihood programs.^[15] In 2019, it was observed 36.7% of the population had coverage of social protection schemes in the country while 90.4% of the population was covered by the health insurance scheme.^[16] As a response to major documentation and identity proof related challenges to access schemes the government recently launched the Philippine Identification System (PhilSys), creating a uniform digital ID for its nationals.^[17] However, since its launch the ID registrations and roll out has faced numerous administrative challenges with physical IDs having only reached 37 million approximately out of the 80 million target.^[18] With most government and private benefits requiring this ID, if not rolled out to the entire population significant access related challenges could be faced in the future.